![]() ![]() Nucleosynthesis is the theory that accurately predicts the abundances of elements and isotopes measured in the primeval samples of the universe i.e., in the oldest stars and high-red shifted gas clouds. Within the first 300 seconds of the existence of the universe, the elements helium, lithium, and heavy hydrogen (deuterium and Helium 3) form from the protons and neutrons by a process called nucleosynthesis. (at 10 ^ -11 seconds this battle is starting to give favor to the rise of matter over antimatter).Īt 10 ^-5 seconds: protons and neutrons are formed from quarks. This imbalance ensured that enough matter survived annihilation as the universe expanded and cooled. Ultimately, cosmologists speculate that the universe had equal amounts of each but, at some point, it developed one extra quark for every billion antiquarks. Additionally, The quark soup is likely the phase in which matter gained superiority over antimatter (lucky us). It appears that it is this early quark soup that gave rise to dark matter. ![]() We know the quark soup exists because we have created similar conditions inside particle accelerators. Protons and neutrons cannot exist yet, only leptons and quarks (with their force carriers, gluons, W and Z bosons and photons). Timeline of the Universe:ġ0^ -43 seconds: this is the Planck era, the earliest known meaningful time.ġ0 ^-35 seconds: cosmic inflation creates what is known as quark–gluon plasma. There's also the cyclic universe. In this theory, the Big Bang is just the latest "big bang" in an endless stream of big bangs - in the continual expansion, collapse, and renewed expansion of space and time.īut as I said, there is no ultimate contender, so let's leave that for a moment and take a look at what we *do* know.There's the landscape multiverse of string theory, which deals with differences of quantum tunneling and quantum fluctuations between different energy states.Notably, we don't have an explanation for quantum gravity just yet. Another theory is "Quantum Emergence." According to this view, space and time developed out of a primeval state described by a quantum theory of gravity.Perhaps this abrupt change sprang from a collision with a parallel universe. Assuming that this is true, it means that matter, energy, space, and time began abruptly. It's entirely possible that thew was no previous era.By putting together Hubble’s observations with Lemaître’s paper, a majority of astronomers became convinced that the universe was, indeed, expanding. Lemaître used these findings to draw attention to his earlier paper, in which he explained the relationship between the distance of a galaxy and the recession velocity of that same galaxy. In other words, the farther they are from us, the faster they are flying away. What's more, these far-flung galaxies were traveling away from us at speeds proportional to their distances. Wilson in California, Hubble showed the distant galaxies all appeared to be receding from us. Using the world’s largest telescope, which is located at Mt. This discovery was largely due to the efforts of Edwin Hubble. However, there are two scientists in the field of cosmology who stand out among all the rest: Edwin Hubble and Georges Lemaître.īy 1930, other cosmologists had concluded that the static (non-evolving) model of the universe was unsatisfactory. Without these individuals, our universe would, quite literally, look very different. Modern scientific thought owes itself to the contributions of many great men and women. ![]()
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